Unit 1 – Levels Of Organization

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter Objectives & Outline:

Define anatomy & physiology and explain how they are related.
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
List and describe the major needs of organisms.
Describe homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
Describe a homeostasis mechanism.
Explain what is meant by levels of organization.
List the levels of organization in the correct order.

***QUIZ #1***

Describe the major location of major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

***QUIZ #2***

Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general functions of each organ system.

***QUIZ #3***

***TEST #1***

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.

***QUIZ #4***

***TEST #2***

Words To Memorize p.2

append-

cardi-

cran-

dors-

homeo-

-logy

meta-

pariet-

pelv-

peri-

pleur-

-stais

-tomy

Anatomy & Physiology

The basis for the language of anatomy and physiology is Greek & Latin.

Anatomy – branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of

body parts. (forms & arrangement)

Physiology – functions of body parts (what they do & how they do it)

Characteristics of Life & Needs

[LAB – Charac. Of Life]

Characteristics of Life: What makes something alive?

Movement – changing position or moving of internal parts
Responsiveness – sense changes that occur
Growth - increase in size
Reproduction – producing offspring
Respiration – obtaining oxygen
Digestion – breaking down of substances
Absorption – passing of substances across membranes
Circulation – movement of body fluids
Assilimiation – change of substances into a chemically different form
Excretion – removal of wastes

All of these together – working together - is your metabolism!

All organisms need basic essentials.

Water – needed to transport fluids and substances throughout your body & to regulate body temp.

Food – source of energy

Oxygen – used to release energy from food

Heat – related to metabolism (increased heat = increased metabolism)

Pressure – pressure of gravity on body = atmospheric pressure

Important to breathing

- pressure of water on body = hydrostatic pressure

Important to blood pressure

[LAB – Liver/Hydrogen Peroxide]

Homeostasis

Homeostasis – maintaining a balance between the inside and outside.

Hypertonic – more concentration inside than outside

* concentration will move out

ex. – eating salty peanuts

Hypotonic – more concentration outside than inside

* concentration will move in

ex. – drinking water when cells are dehydrated

Isotonic – same concentration inside as outside

* concentration is at equilibrium

-Related to your cells, fluids and substances are always moving in and out of cells. They are trying to maintain a balance.

Homeostasis Mechanisms In Your Body

Body Temperature – Typically 98.6 degrees F (37 degrees C)

Problem = Cold – Your body temperature drops below 98.6 F.

Sol’n = Your body starts shivering to move muscles. The movement of your

muscles produces heat.

Your body constricts blood vessels next to skin. This will not allow the

warmth in blood to get close to the skin and leave.

Problem = Heat – Your body temperature is above 98.6 F.

Sol’n = Your body starts to sweat. The sweat (a fluid) moves to the surface of the

skin to be evaporated. This evaporation process will cause cooling of the body.

Your body makes the blood vessels near the skin get larger. This allows for more heat to be removed from your body.

Your heart starts beating faster. This allows for more blood to flow to the skin and the release of more heat.

Blood Pressure –

Problem = high blood pressure

Sol’n = The heart beats less often. The contracting of the heart will cause more

pressure or force on blood vessels than there already is.

Problem = low blood pressure

Sol’n = The heart beats more often. The contracting of the heart will cause more

pressure or force on the blood vessels.

[LAB – Heart Rate & Blood Pressure]

Levels of Organization

Atoms – tiny, invisible particles that make up all things

Molecules – many atoms bunched together

Cells – organelles inside cells make them work

Tissues – layers of cells

Organs – many layers of tissues

Organ Systems – many organs working together

Organism – a living thing

Organization Of The Human Body

Body Cavities-

Axial Portion – everything but the arms and legs

Appendicular Portion – arms & legs

I. Axial Cavities: (p.8)

a. Dorsal Cavity –

i. Cranial Cavity – skull & brain

ii. Spinal Cavity – spinal cord & vertebrae

b. Ventral Cavity-

i. Thoracic Cavity – skin, muscles, bones (organs – heart & lungs)

**Thoracic & Abdominopelvic are separated by the diaphragm.**

ii. Abdominopelvic Cavity – skin, muscles, bones

1. Upper Abdominopelvic Cavity - (organs- stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine)

2. Lower Pelvic Cavity – (organs – end of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs)

c. Other Cavities- (p.9)

i. Oral Cavity – teeth & tongue

ii. Nasal Cavity – nostrils, sinuses

iii. Orbital Cavity – eyes

iv. Middle Ear Cavity – middle ear bones

[Partner Work – Each Person Will Make A Chart For Organization Of Cavities & Organs]

(Organs down the side {brain, skull, spinal cord, vertebrae, lungs, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, sm. intestine, lrg. intestine, lower portion of lrg. intestine, urinary bladder, reprod. Organs, teeth, tongue, nostrils, sinuses, eyes, ear bones} & portion and cavity {axial, appendicular, dorsal, ventral, thoracic, abdominopelvic, pelvic, oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear} at top)

Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes

Hint: A parietal membrane is on the outside with a cavity fluid in between the visceral membrane, which is always on top of the organ.

I. Thoracic Membranes (p.10)

a. Pleural Membranes – membranes that surround the lungs

i. Parietal pleura – membrane that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & forms a lining.

**Pleural Cavity is the space (fluid) that separates the two membranes.**

ii. Visceral pleura – membrane that covers the organ.

There are two sections in the thoracic cavity. One section includes the lungs. The second section includes the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland. A region called the mediastinum separates them. The largest portion of the mediastinum contains the heart.

b. Pericardial Membranes – membranes that surround the heart

i. Parietal Pericardium – outer most lining around the heart

**Pericardial Cavity is the space (fluid) that separates the two membranes.**

ii. Visceral Pericardium – inner most lining around the heart (lining on the organ)

II. Abdominopelvic Membrane (p.11)

a. Peritoneal Membranes – membrane that surrounds organs in the abdomen

i. Parietal Peritoneum – outer most lining around organs

**Peritoneal Cavity is the space (fluid) that separates the two membranes.**

ii. Visceral Peritoneum – inner most lining around the organs (lining on the organ)

Organ Systems (11 systems)

Integumentary System – body covering

(includes: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

-aides in regulating body temperature & in sensory

Skeletal System – support

(includes: bones, ligaments, cartilage)

Muscular System – movement

(includes: muscles)

Nervous System – adjust body for homeostasis

(includes: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs)

-detects changes in body or that occur around body

Endocrine System – adjust body for homeostasis

(includes: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, thymus, ovary, testes, pineal)

-glands that produce hormones

Hormones – produced by glands to effect a target tissue. Hormones will alter the metabolism of the target tissue. Will occur for a relatively long period.

Digestive System – processing & transporting nutrients, oxygen, and wastes

(includes: mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, sm. Intestine, lrg. intestine)

-breaks down food into smaller molecules to get energy

Respiratory System – processing & transporting intake & output of air for exchange of gases between blood & air

(includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)

Circulatory System – processing & transporting blood

(includes: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood)

-blood carries gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

Lymphatic System – processing & transporting

(includes: lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluids, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen)

-transports tissue fluid from tissue back to blood stream & carries fatty substances away from digestive organs.

-also aids in defending you body against infections

Urinary System – processing & transporting

(includes: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

-maintain body’s water, electrolyte, and acid/base balance

Reproductive System – reproduction

(includes: male – scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis, urethra)

(includes: female – ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva)

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing up right, face forward, arms at side, palms forward

Positions:

Superior – above a body part or close to head

Inferior – below a body part or close to feet

Anterior – front (ventral)

Posterior – back (anterior)

Medial – imaginary midline that divides the body into right and left halves

Lateral – sides

Proximal – a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than another part

Distal – a body part that is farther to a point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than another part

Superficial – near the surface

Peripheral – also means outward or near the surface

Deep – describes where the internal organs are

Body Sections:

Sagittal - dividing the body into a right and left portion

Transverse – dividing the body into a top and bottom portion (also called horizontal)

Frontal – dividing the body into a front and back portion (also called coronal)

Body Regions:

Epigastric Region – upper region where stomach is

Umbilical Region – middle portion; intestines behind belly button

Hypogastric Region – lower region of intestine

Abdominal – region between thoracic and pelvic

Acromial – point of shoulders

Antebrachial – forearm

Antecubital – space in front of elbow

Axillary – armpit

Brachial – upper arm

Buccal – cheek

Carpal – wrist

Celiac – abdomen

Cephalic – head

Cervical – the neck

Costal – ribs

Coxal – hips

Crural – leg

Cubital – elbow

Digital – finger

Dorsal – back

Femoral – thigh

Frontal – forehead

Gential – reproductive organs

Gluteal – buttocks

Inguinal – groin

Lumbar – loin (above buttocks)

Mammary – breasts

Mental – chin

Nasal – nose

Occipital – lower back of head

Oral – mouth

Orbital – eye

Otic – ear

Palmar- palm of hand

Pectoral – chest

Pedal – foot

Pelvic – pelvis

Perineal – (perineum) region between anus & external reproductive organ

Plantar – bottom of foot

Popliteal – behind knee

Sacral – posterior region between hips (above buttock)

Sternal – between breast (where sternum is)

Tarsal – top of foot

Umbilical – navel/belly button

Vertebral – spinal column